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<h1>Intrinsically Intricate</h1>

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<div class="outline">
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<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Compound Sentences</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Expressing a sequence of states</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Expressing a sequence of verbs with the te-form</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">Expressing reason or causation using 「から」 and 「ので」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part5">Using 「のに」 to mean "despite"</a></li>
<li><a href="#part6">Expressing contradiction using 「が」 and 「けど」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part7">Expressing multiple reasons using 「し」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part8">Expressing multiple actions or states using 「～たりする」</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</td></tr>
</table>

<h2 id="part1">Compound Sentences</h2>
In this section, we will learn various ways to combine multiple simple sentences into one complex sentence.
For example, we will learn how to chain separate sentences together to express multiple actions or states.  In other words, if we have two
simple sentences with the same subject, "I ran" and "I ate", we will learn how to group them together to mean, "I ran and ate."  We will also learn
how to do this with adjectives and nouns. (Ex: He is rich, handsome, and charming.)

<h2 id="part2">Expressing a sequence of states</h2>
It is very easy to combine a chain of nouns and adjectives to describe a person or object.  For example, in English if we wanted to say, "He is
X.  He is Y.  He is Z." since all three sentences have the same noun, we would usually say, "He is X, Y, and Z." In Japanese, we can do the same
thing by conjugating the noun or adjective.  The last noun or adjective remains the same as before.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">How to chain nouns and adjectives together</span>
<ul class="plain">
<li><b>Nouns and na-adjectives</b>: Attach 「で」 to the noun or na-adjective.</li>
<li>例）　<span title="いっぱんてき - in general" class="popup">一般的</span> → <span title="いっぱんてき - in general" class="popup">一般的</span><em>で</em></li>
<li>例）　<span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か</span> → <span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か</span><em>で</em></li>
<li><br /><b>I-adjectives and negative noun/adjective</b>: Replace the 「い」 with 「くて」.
<br />※For 「<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>」 and 「<span title="かっこいい - good-looking, cool" class="popup">かっこいい</span>」, the <a href="adjectives.html#part4">「い→よ」</a> exception applies here as well.</li>
<li>例）　<span title="せまい - narrow" class="popup">狭<em><strike>い</strike></em></span> → <span title="せまい - narrow" class="popup">狭<em>くて</em></span></li>
<li>例）　<span title="かのじょ - she, girlfriend" class="popup">彼女</span>じゃな<em><strike>い</strike></em> → <span title="かのじょ - she, girlfriend" class="popup">彼女</span>じゃな<em>くて</em></li>
<li>例）　<span title="いい - good" class="popup"><em><strike>いい</strike></em></span> → <span title="いい - good" class="popup"><em>よくて</em></span></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　<span title="わたし - me, myself, I" class="popup">私</span>の<span title="へや - room" class="popup">部屋</span>は、<span title="きれい - neat, pretty" class="popup">きれい</span><em>で</em>、<span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か</span><em>で</em>、<span title="とても - very" class="popup">とても</span><span title="すき - like" class="popup">好き</span>。
<br />- My room is clean, quiet, and I like it a lot.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="かのじょ - she, girlfriend" class="popup">彼女</span>は、<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>じゃな<em>くて</em>、<span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>だ。
<br />- She is not a student, she is a teacher.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="たなか - Tanaka" class="popup">田中</span>さんは、<span title="おかねもち - rich" class="popup">お金持ち</span><em>で</em>、<span title="かっこいい - cool, handsome" class="popup">かっこ<em>よくて</em></span>、<span title="みりょくてき - charming" class="popup">魅力的</span>ですね。
<br />- Tanaka-san is rich, handsome, and charming, isn't he?
</p>

<p>
As you can see, the 「で」 attached to 「お金持ち」 obviously cannot be the <a href="particles2.html#part5">context particle</a> 「で」 here because there is no verb. It might be helpful to think of 「で」 as merely a substitution for 「だ」 that can be chained together.</p>

<h2 id="part3">Expressing a sequence of verbs with the te-form</h2>
In a similar fashion, you can express multiple actions.  It is usually interpreted as a sequence of event.  (I did [X], then I did [Y], then I finally did [Z].)
There are two forms: positive and negative.  The tense of all the actions is determined by the tense of the last verb.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">How to chain verbs together</span>
<ol>
<li>Positive: Conjugate the verb to its <a href="pastverb.html">past tense</a> and replace 「た」 with 「て」 or 「だ」 with 「で」.
This is often called the <b><i>te-form</i></b> even though it could sometimes be 'de' .</li>
<li>Negative: Same as i-adjectives, replace 「い」 with 「くて」.</li>
</ol>
<ul class="plain">
<li>This rule also works for the polite 「です」 and 「ます」 endings.</li>
<li>例）　<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>で<em><strike>す</strike></em> → <span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em>でし<strike>た</strike></em> → <span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>でし<em>て</em></li>
<li>例）　<span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買いま<em><strike>す</strike></em></span> → <span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買いま<em>し<strike>た</strike></em></span> → <span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買いまし<em>て</em></span></li>
</ul>
</div>

<center>
<table border="0">
<caption>Sample conjugations</caption>
<tr>

<td>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">

<tr><th>Past Tense</th><th>Te-form</th></tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>た</em></span></td>
<td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>て</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行っ<em>た</em></span></td>
<td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行っ<em>て</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">し<em>た</em></span></td>
<td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">し<em>て</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ん<em>だ</em></span></td>
<td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ん<em>で</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲ん<em>だ</em></span></td>
<td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲ん<em>で</em></span></td>
</tr>

</table>
</td>

<td rowspan="2">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</td>

<td valign="top">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">

<tr><th>Negative</th><th>Te-form</th></tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べな<em>い</em></span></td>
<td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べな<em>くて</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かな<em>い</em></span></td>
<td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かな<em>くて</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しな<em>い</em></span></td>
<td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しな<em>くて</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ばな<em>い</em></span></td>
<td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ばな<em>くて</em></span></td>
</tr>

<tr align="center">
<td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲まな<em>い</em></span></td>
<td><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲まな<em>くて</em></span></td>

</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　<span title="しょくどう - cafeteria" class="popup">食堂</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行って</span></em>、<span title="ひるごはん - lunch" class="popup">昼ご飯</span>を<em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べて</span></em>、<span title="ひるね - afternoon nap" class="popup">昼寝</span>を<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>。
<br />- I will go to cafeteria, eat lunch, and take a nap.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="しょくどう - cafeteria" class="popup">食堂</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行って</span></em>、<span title="ひるごはん - lunch" class="popup">昼ご飯</span>を<em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べて</span></em>、<span title="ひるね - afternoon nap" class="popup">昼寝</span>を<span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span>。
<br />- I went to cafeteria, ate lunch, and took a nap.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<em><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ありまして</span></em>、<span title="えいが - movie" class="popup">映画</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見ました</span>。
<br />- There was time and I watched a movie.
</p>

<h2 id="part4">Expressing reason or causation using 「から」 and 「ので」</h2>
You can connect two complete sentences using 「から」 to indicate a reason for something.  The two sentences are always ordered
[reason] から [result].
When the reason is a non-conjugated noun or na-adjective, you <em>must</em> add 「だ」 to explicitly declare the reason in the form of
「(noun/na-adjective)<em>だ</em>から」.
If you forget to add the declarative 「だ」 to 「から」, it will end up sounding like the 「から」 meaning "from" which was first introduced in
<a href="particles2.html#part3">Particles 2</a>.

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span><em>から</em><span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティーに</span><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行きませんでした</span>。
<br />- There was no time so didn't go to party.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span><em>から</em><span title="プレゼント - present" class="popup">プレゼント</span>が<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">来た</span>。
<br />- Present came <em>from</em> friend.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span><em>だから</em><span title="プレゼント - present" class="popup">プレゼント</span>が<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">来た</span>。
<br />- Present came <em>because</em> (the person is) friend. (This sentence sounds a bit odd.)
</p>

<p>Either the reason or the cause can be omitted if it is clear from the context.  In the case of polite speech, you would treat 「から」
just like a regular noun and add 「です」.  When you omit the reason, you must include the declarative 「だ」 or 「です」.
</p>
<p><span title="たなか - Tanaka" class="popup">田中</span>さん）　<span title="どうして - why" class="popup">どうして</span><span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行きませんでしたか</span>。- Why didn't you go to the party?
<br /><span title="やまだ - Yamada" class="popup">山田</span>さん）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span><em>から</em>です。- It's because I didn't have time.
</p>
<p><span title="いちろう - Ichiro" class="popup">一郎</span>）　<span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span>の？- You didn't go to the party?
<br /><span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span>）　うん、<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span><em>から</em>。- Yeah, because I didn't have time.
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span>。- I didn't have time.
<br />（２）　<em>だから</em><span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span>の？ - Is that why you didn't go to the party.
</p>

<p>Notice that <span title="やまだ - Yamada" class="popup">山田</span>さん and <span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span> could have used the <a href="particles3.html#part5">explanatory 「の」</a>
to express the same thing.  In other words, <span title="やまだ - Yamada" class="popup">山田</span>さん could have also said,
「<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span>のです」 or 「<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span>んです」 while <span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span> could have said 「<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span>の」 (we'll assume she wants to use
the more feminine form).  In fact, this is where 「ので」 possibly came from.  Let's say you want to combine two sentences:
「<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span>のだ」 and 「<span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span>」.  Remember we can treat the 「の」 just like a noun so we can use what we just learned in the
first section of this lesson.
</p>
<p>（１）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span>のだ＋<span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span>
<br />becomes:
<br />（２）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span><em>ので</em><span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span>。
</p>

<p>In fact, 「ので」 is almost interchangeable with 「から」 with a few subtle differences.  「から」 explicitly states that the sentence
preceding is the reason for something while 「ので」 is merely putting two sentences together, the first with an explanatory tone.  This is something
I call causation where [X] happened, therefore [Y] happened.  This is slightly different from 「から」 where [Y] happened explicitly <i>because</i>
 [X] happened.  This difference tends to make 「ので」 sound softer and slighter more polite and it is favored over 「から」 when explaining a reason for
doing something that is considered discourteous.
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="ちょっと - little" class="popup">ちょっと</span><span title="いそがしい - busy" class="popup">忙しい</span><em>ので</em>、<span title="そろそろ - gradually, soon" class="popup">そろそろ</span><span title="しつれい - discourtesy" class="popup">失礼</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">します</span>。
<br />- Because I'm a little busy, I'll be making my leave soon.
<br />（「<span title="しつれい - discourtesy" class="popup">失礼</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">します</span>」, which literally means "I'm doing a discourtesy", is commonly used as a polite way to make your leave or
disturb someone's time.）
</p>

<p><b>Reminder:</b> Don't forget that the explanatory 「の」 requires a 「な」 for both non-conjugated nouns and na-adjectives.  Review
<a href="particles3.html#part5">Particles 3</a> to see why.
</p>

<p>
（１）　<span title="わたし - me, myself, I" class="popup">私</span>は<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span><em>な</em>ので、<span title="おかね - money" class="popup">お金</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>んです。
<br />- Because I'm a student, I have no money (lit: there is no money).
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>は<span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か</span><em>な</em>ので、<span title="とても - very" class="popup">とても</span><span title="おだやか - calm, peaceful" class="popup">穏やか</span>です。
<br />- It is very calm here because it is quiet.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<em>な</em>ので、<span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span>に<span title="あう - to meet" class="popup">会う</span><span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>。
<br />- That's why there's no time to meet friend.
</p>

<p>
Just like how the explanatory 「の」 can be shortened to 「ん」, in speech, the 「ので」 can be changed to 「んで」 simply because it's easier to slur the sounds
together rather then pronouncing the / o / syllable.
</p>

<p>
（１）　<span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span><em>んで</em><span title="パーティー - party" class="popup">パーティー</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span>。
<br />- Didn't go to the party because there was no time.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>は<span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か</span>な<em>んで</em>、<span title="とても - very" class="popup">とても</span><span title="おだやか - calm, peaceful" class="popup">穏やか</span>です。
<br />- It is very calm here because it is quiet.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<em>なんで</em>、<span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span>に<span title="あう - to meet" class="popup">会う</span><span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>。
<br />- That's why there's no time to meet friend.
</p>

<h2 id="part5">Using 「のに」 to mean "despite"</h2>
Grammatically, 「のに」 is used exactly the same way as 「ので」.  When used to combine two simple sentences together, it means "[Sentence 1]
despite the fact that [Sentence 2]."  However the order is reversed: [Sentence 2]のに[Sentence 1].

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>（１）　<span title="まいにち - every day" class="popup">毎日</span><span title="うんどう - exercise" class="popup">運動</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span><em>のに</em>、<span title="ぜんぜん - not at all" class="popup">全然</span><span title="やせる - to become thin" class="popup">痩せなかった</span>。
<br />- Despite exercising every day, I didn't get thinner.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="がくせい - student" class="popup">学生</span>な<em>のに</em>、<span title="かのじょ - she, girlfriend" class="popup">彼女</span>は<span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span>。
<br />- Despite being a student, she does not study.
</p>

<h2 id="part6">Expressing contradiction using 「が」 and 「けど」</h2>
Used in the same manner as 「から」 and 「ので」, 「が」 and 「けど」 also connect two sentences together but this time to express a contradiction.
Just like 「から」 the declarative 「だ」 is required for nouns and na-adjectives.  And just like 「から」 and 「ので」, the reason or cause can be left out.

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　<span title="デパート - department store" class="popup">デパート</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行きました</span><em>が</em>、<span title="なにも - nothing" class="popup">何も</span><span title="ほしい - desirable" class="popup">欲しくなかった</span>です。
<br />- I went to department store but there was nothing I wanted.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span>に<span title="きく - to listen, to ask" class="popup">聞いた</span><em>けど</em>、<span title="しる - to know" class="popup">知らなかった</span>。
<br />- I asked (or heard from) a friend but he (or I) didn't know.
</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="きょう - today" class="popup">今日</span>は<span title="ひま - free, leisure" class="popup">暇</span><em>だけど</em>、<span title="あした - tomorrow" class="popup">明日</span>は<span title="いそがしい - busy" class="popup">忙しい</span>。
<br />- I'm free today but I will be busy tomorrow.
</p>

<p>
（４）　<em>だけど</em>、<span title="かれ - he" class="popup">彼</span>が<span title="まだ - yet" class="popup">まだ</span><span title="すき - like" class="popup">好き</span>なの。
<br />- That may be so, but it is that I still like him. (explanation, feminine tone)
</p>

<p>
It may seem odd but 「<span title="きく - to listen, to ask" class="popup">聞く</span>」 can either mean "to listen" or "to ask".  You
may think this may become confusing but the meaning is usually clear within context.  In （２）、 we're assuming that the friend didn't know, so the
speaker was probably asking the friend.  Yet again we see the importance of context in Japanese because this sentence can also mean, "I heard
from a friend but I didn't know" since there is neither subject nor topic.
</p>

<p>Similar to the difference between 「から」 and 「ので」, 「が」 has a softer tone and is slighter more polite than 「けど」.
Though this isn't a rule as such, it is generally common to see 「が」 attached to a 「～ます」 or 「～です」 ending and 「けど」 attached to a regular,
plain ending.  A more formal version of 「けど」 is 「けれど」 and even more formal is 「けれども」, which we may see later when we cover formal
expressions.
</p>

<p>Unlike the English word for contradiction such as "but" or "however", 「けど」 and 「が」 do not always express a direct contradiction.
Often times, especially when introducing a new topic, it is used as a general connector of two separate sentences.  For example, in the following sentences, there is no actual
contradiction but 「が」 and 「けど」 are used simply to connect the sentences.  Sometimes, the English "and" becomes a closer translation
than "but".
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="デパート - department store" class="popup">デパート</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行きました</span><em>が</em>、<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span><span title="もの - object" class="popup">物</span>が<span title="たくさん - a lot" class="popup">たくさん</span><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ありました</span>。
<br />- I went to the department store and there was a lot of good stuff.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="マトリックス - matrix" class="popup">マトリックス</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見た</span><em>けど</em>、<span title="おもしろい - interesting" class="popup">面白かった</span>。
<br />- I watched the "Matrix" and it was interesting.
</p>

<h2 id="part7">Expressing multiple reasons using 「し」</h2>
When you want to list reasons for multiple states or actions you can do so
by adding 「し」 to the end of each subordinate clause.  It is very similar to the 「や」 particle except that it lists reasons for verbs and state of being.
Again, for states of being,  「だ」 must be used to explicitly declared for any non-conjugated noun or na-adjective.
Let's look at some examples.

<p>（１）　<span title="どうして - why" class="popup">どうして</span><span title="ともだち - friend" class="popup">友達</span>じゃないんですか？- Why isn't him/her friend (seeking explanation)?
<br />（２）　<span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span><em>だし</em>、<span title="としうえ - older" class="popup">年上</span><em>だし</em>・・・。- Well, he's/she's the teacher, and older...
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="どうして - why" class="popup">どうして</span><span title="かれ - he" class="popup">彼</span>が<span title="すき - like" class="popup">好き</span>なの？- Why (do you) like him?
<br />（２）　<span title="やさしい - gentle, kind" class="popup">優しい</span><em>し</em>、<span title="かっこいい - cool, handsome" class="popup">かっこいい</span><em>し</em>、<span title="おもしろい - interesting" class="popup">面白い</span>から。- Because he's kind, attractive, and interesting (among other things).
</p>

<p>Notice that 「<span title="やさしい - gentle, kind" class="popup">優しくて</span>、<span title="かっこいい - cool, handsome" class="popup">かっこよくて</span>、<span title="おもしろい - interesting" class="popup">面白い</span>から。」 could also have worked but much like the difference between the 「と」 and 「や」 particle, 「し」
implies that there may be other reasons.
</p>

<h2 id="part8">Expressing multiple actions or states using 「～たりする」</h2>
This is the verb version of the 「や」 particle.  You can make an example list of verbs among a possible larger list by conjugating each verb into the past tense and adding 「り」.
At the end, you need to attach the verb 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」.  Just like the 「や」 particle, the tense is determined by the last verb, which in this case will
always be 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 (since you have to attach it at the end).

<p>You can also use this with the state of being to say that you are
a number of things at various random times among a larger list. Similar to regular verbs, you just take the noun or adjective for each state of being and conjugate it to the past state of being
and then attach 「り」. Then finally, attach 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 at the end.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Rules for stating a list of verbs among a larger list using 「～たりする」</span>
<ul>
<li>Verbs - Conjugate each verb to the <a href="pastverb.html">past tense</a> and add 「り」. Finally, add 「する」 at the very end.
<br />例) <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em><strike>る</strike></em></span>、<span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲<em><strike>む</strike></em></span> → <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>た</em></span>、<span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲<em>んだ</em></span> → <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べた<em>り</em></span>、<span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲んだ<em>り</em></span> → <span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べたり</span>、<span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲んだり</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></em></li>
<li>State of being - Conjugate the noun or adjective for each state of being and add 「り」. Finally, add 「する」 at the very end.
<br />例) <span title="かんたん - simple" class="popup">簡単</span>、<span title="むずかしい - difficult" class="popup">難し<em><strike>い</strike></em></span> → <span title="かんたん - simple" class="popup">簡単</span><em>だった</em>、<span title="むずかしい - difficult" class="popup">難し<em>かった</em></span> → <span title="かんたん - simple" class="popup">簡単</span>だった<em>り</em>、<span title="むずかしい - difficult" class="popup">難しかった<em>り</em></span> → <span title="かんたん - simple" class="popup">簡単</span>だったり、<span title="むずかしい - difficult" class="popup">難しかったり</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></em></li>
</ul>
</div>

<p>（１）　<span title="えいが - movie" class="popup">映画</span>を<em><span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見たり</span></em>、<span title="ほん - book" class="popup">本</span>を<em><span title="読む - to read" class="popup">読んだり</span></em>、<em><span title="ひるね - afternoon nap" class="popup">昼寝</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">したり</span></em>する。
<br />- I do things like (among other things) watch movies, read books, and take naps.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="この - this" class="popup">この</span><span title="だいがく - college" class="popup">大学</span>の<span title="じゅぎょう - class" class="popup">授業</span>は<span title="かんたん - simple" class="popup">簡単</span><em>だったり</em>、<em><span title="むずかしい - difficult" class="popup">難しかったり</span></em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>。
<br />- Class of this college is sometimes easy, sometimes difficult (and other times something else maybe).
</p>

<p>As you can see, the tense and negative/positive state is controlled by the last 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」.</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="えいが - movie" class="popup">映画</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見たり</span>、<span title="ほん - book" class="popup">本</span>を<span title="読む - to read" class="popup">読んだり</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span></em>。
<br />- I <em>did</em> things like (among other things) watch movies, and read books.
</p>

<p>
（４）　<span title="えいが - movie" class="popup">映画</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見たり</span>、<span title="ほん - book" class="popup">本</span>を<span title="読む - to read" class="popup">読んだり</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span></em>。
<br />- I <em>don't do</em> things like (among other things) watch movies, and read books.
</p>

<p>
（５）　<span title="えいが - movie" class="popup">映画</span>を<span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見たり</span>、<span title="ほん - book" class="popup">本</span>を<span title="読む - to read" class="popup">読んだり</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しなかった</span></em>。
<br />- I <em>didn't do</em> things like (among other things) watch movies, and read books.
</p>

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<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2003-2007 Tae Kim (taekim.japanese AT gmail.com)</p>
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<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2006/3/16
Clarified 「よくて」 exception to rules (2006/3/16)</pre></div>

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